Chloroplast localization of Cry1Ac and Cry2A protein- an alternative way of insect control in cotton

BACKGROUND: Insects have developed resistance against Bt-transgenic plants. A multi-barrier defense system to weaken their resistance development is now necessary. One such approach is to use fusion protein genes to increase resistance in plants by introducing more Bt genes in combination. The locating the target protein at the point of insect attack will be more effective. It will not mean that the non-green parts of the plants are free of toxic proteins, but it will inflict more damage on the insects because they are at maximum activity in the green parts of plants. RESULTS: Successful cloning was achieved by the amplification of Cry2A, Cry1Ac, and a transit peptide. The appropriate polymerase chain reaction amplification and digested products confirmed that Cry1Ac and Cry2A were successfully cloned in the correct orientation. The appearance of a blue color in sections of infiltrated leaves after 72 hours confirmed the successful expression of the construct in the plant expression system. The overall transformation efficiency was calculated to be 0.7%. The amplification of Cry1Ac-Cry2A and Tp2 showed the successful integration of target genes into the genome of cotton plants. A maximum of 0.673 µg/g tissue of Cry1Ac and 0.568 µg/g tissue of Cry2A was observed in transgenic plants. We obtained 100% mortality in the target insect after 72 hours of feeding the 2nd instar larvae with transgenic plants. The appearance of a yellow color in transgenic cross sections, while absent in the control, through phase contrast microscopy indicated chloroplast localization of the target protein. CONCLUSION: Locating the target protein at the point of insect attack increases insect mortality when compared with that of other transgenic plants. The results of this study will also be of great value from a biosafety point of view.

Ubiquitous overexpression of a transgene encoding the extracellular portion of the Drosophila Roughest-Irregular Chiasm C protein induces early embryonic lethality

The cell adhesion molecule Rst-irreC is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in several important developmental processes in Drosophila, including axonal pathfinding in the optic lobe and programmed cell death and pigment cell differentiation in the pupal retina. As an initial step towards the "in vivo" functional analysis of this protein we have generated transgenic fly stocks carrying a truncated cDNA construct encoding only the extracellular domain of Rst-IrreC under the transcriptional control of the heat shock inducible promoter hsp70. We show that heat-shocking embryos bearing the transgene during the first 8hs of development lead to a 3-4 fold reduction in their viability compared to wild type controls. The embryonic lethality can already be produced by applying the heat pulse in the first 3hs of embryonic development, does not seem to be suppressed in the absence of wildtype product and is progressively reduced as the heat treatment is applied later in embryogenesis. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of the lethal phenotype being primarily due to heterophilic interactions between Rst-IrreC extracellular domain and an yet unknown ligand.

Resistência a hormônios tireóideos: contribuiçäo da transgênese para a compreensäo da síndrome / Thyroid hormones resistance: transgenesis contribution to understand the syndrome

A resistência aos hormônios tireóideos (RTH) é uma síndrome de herança dominante, decorrente da hipossensibilidade dos tecidos aos hormônios tireóideos e caracterizada pela elevação dos hormônios tireóideos séricos com TSH normal ou aumentado e bócio. Tem sido atribuída a mutações na isoforma ß do receptor para hormônios tireóideos (TR ). Modelos de transgênese têm contribuído para a compreensão da RTH. A ausência da expressão do TR em camundongos TR knockout tornou os tireotrofos parcialmente resistentes aos hormônios tireóideos, o que não ocorreu nos animais knockout para a isoforma a do TR. Entretanto, camundongos que não expressam as duas formas de TR apresentam completa resistência aos hormônios tireóideos, sendo os hormônios tireóideos e TSH séricos elevadíssimos. Mutantes de TR humano expressos em tecidos de camundongo reproduziram várias manifestações da RTH. A expressão de TR mutado apenas no coração ou apenas na hipófise induziu diminuição dos efeitos de hormônios tireóideos e resistência à administração dos mesmos nestes tecidos. Modelos transgênicos evidenciaram que, além da resistência hipofisária, a resistência nos neurônios hipotalâmicos, de TRH, é imprescindível para que haja aumento de produção de hormônios tireóideos. Camundongos knockout para o coativador SRC-1 também se mostraram parcialmente resistentes aos hormônios tireóideos, sugerindo que outras proteínas envolvidas no mecanismo de ação dos hormônios tireóideos possam causar RTH. Assim, os modelos transgênicos forneceram provas que o mutante TRb, in vivo, interfere com a ação das diferentes isoformas do TR selvagem e causa RHT. Modelos transgênicos são uma valiosa ferramenta para a compreensão da heterogeneidade de apresentação clínica da RTH.